Brain surgery is perhaps the oldest of the practiced medical arts. No hard... more

Brain surgery is perhaps the oldest of the practiced medical arts. No hard evidence exists suggesting a beginning to the practice of other facets of medicine such as pharmacology -- using drugs, chemical and natural ingredients to help a fellow human being. There is ample evidence, however, of brain surgery, dating back to the Neolithic (late Stone Age). Unearthed remains of successful brain operations, as well as surgical implements, were found in France-- at one of Europe's noted archeological digs. And, the success rate was remarkable, even circa 7,000 B.C. But, pre-historic evidence of brain surgery was not limited to Europe. Pre-Incan civilization used brain surgery as an extensive practice as early as 2,000 B.C. In Paracas, Peru, a desert strip south of Lima, archeologic evidence indicates that brain surgery was used extensively. Here, too, an inordinate success rate was noted as patients were restored to health. The treatment was used for mental illnesses, epilepsy, headaches, organic diseases, osteomylitis, as well as head injuries. Brain surgery was also used for both spiritual and magical reasons; often, the practice was limited to kings, priests and the nobility. Surgical tools in South America were made of both bronze and man-shaped obsidian (a hard, sharp-edged volcanic rock). Africa showed evidence of brain surgery as early as 3,000 B.C. in papyrus writings found in Egypt. "Brain," the actual word itself, is used here for the first time in any language. Egyptian knowledge of anatomy may have been rudimentary, but the ancient civilization did contribute important notations on the nervous system. Hippocrates, the father of modern medical ethics, left many texts on brain surgery. Born on the Aegean Island of Cos in 470 B.C., Hippocrates was quite familiar with the clinical signs of head injuries. He also described seizures accurately, as well as spasms and classified head contusions, fractures and depressions. Many concepts found in his texts were still in good stead two thousand years after his death in 360 B.C. Ancient Rome in the first century A.D. had its brain surgeon star, Aulus Cornelius Celsus. Hippocrates did not operate on depressed skull fractures; Celsus often did. Celsus also described the symptoms of brain injury in great detail. Asia was home to many talented brain surgeons: Galenus of Pergamon, born in Turkey, and the physicians of Byzance such as Oribasius (4th century) and Paul of Aegina. An Islamic school of brain surgery also flourished from 800 to 1200 A.D., the height of Islamic influence in the world. Abu Bekr Muhammed el Razi, who lived from 852 to 932 in the Common Era, was perhaps the greatest of Islamic brain srugeons. A second Islamic brain surgeon, Abu l'Qluasim Khalaf, lived and practiced in Cordoba, Spain, and was one of the great influences on western brain surgery. The Christian surgeons of the Middle Ages were clerics, well educated, knowledgeable in Latin, and familiar with the realm of medical literature. Despite the church's ban on study of anatomy, many churchmen of great renown (advisors and confessors to a succession of Popes) were outstanding physicians and surgeons. Leonardo Davinci's portfolio containing hundreds of accurate anatomical sketches indicates the intense intellectual interest in the workings of the human body despite the Church's ban. less

Attack sequence from the BBC drama of the same name

http://www.FreeScienceLectures.com Sodium is a chemical element which has the... more

http://www.FreeScienceLectures.com Sodium is a chemical element which has the symbol Na (Latin: natrium), atomic number 11, atomic mass 22.9898 g/mol, oxidation number 1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" (formerly known as 'group IA'). It is classified as an "inorganic macro-mineral". t has only one stable isotope, 23Na. Sodium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 by passing an electric current through molten sodium hydroxide. Sodium quickly oxidizes in air so it must be stored in an inert environment such as kerosene. Sodium is present in great quantities in the Earth's oceans as sodium chloride. It is also a component of many minerals, and it is an essential element for animal life. This video shows what happens if you place a piece of sodium in water. It does not react as quickly as potassium or lithium. The reaction is slower, initially causing it to burn and as the temperature rises, it is probably broken into more pieces, exposing more surface area to water, the reactions speed up and the piece explodes. --- It's Never too Late to Study: http://www.FreeScienceLectures.com --- Notice: This video is copyright by its respectful owners. The website address on the video does not mean anything. --- less

http://www.FreeScienceLectures.com Potassium is a chemical element. It has the... more

http://www.FreeScienceLectures.com Potassium is a chemical element. It has the symbol K (Latin: kalium) and atomic number 19. The name "potassium" comes from the word "potash", as potassium was first isolated from potash. Potassium is a soft silvery-white metallic alkali metal that occurs naturally bound to other elements in seawater and many minerals. It oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive, especially towards water. In many respects, potassium and sodium are chemically similar, although organisms in general, and animal cells in particular, treat them very differently. In this video a piece of potassium is thrown into water which causes it to oxidize very very quickly thus releasing lots of energy which can be seen in form of sparks and fire. --- It's Never too Late to Study: http://www.FreeScienceLectures.com --- Notice: This video is copyright by its respectful owners. The website address on the video does not mean anything. --- less

watch this and see how it happened

http://www.FreeScienceLectures.com When nuclear fuel is sent from powerstations... more

http://www.FreeScienceLectures.com When nuclear fuel is sent from powerstations to reprocessing, a simple procedure is used which now has been carried out safely more than 14'000 times. The fuel rods are first cooled for at least 90 days at power station by immersing them in ponds. When taken out of storage the heat coming from each rod has dwindled to about 25 watts - roughly equivalent to a small electric light bulb. About 200 rods at a time are loaded into an open top steel skip which is then placed inside a special container called a flask. The flasks are very robust - they weigh around 50 tons and have walls 35 cm thick. 16 bolts, each able to take a load of 150 tons without breaking, secure the lid. The flasks are forged out of two blocks of steel. When finished each flask is worth half a million pounds. Stringent manufacturing and performance standards have to be met. These are drawn up by International Atomic Energy Agency. To meet these standards the industry has developed a comprehensive testing program. Literally hundreds of impact tests have been carried out using scaled models dropping them so that they land from all sorts of different angles. In 1983 to enhance public confidence in the flasks a full scale testing of an actual production flask in real life conditions was begun. A three locomotive train was smashed into a flask going at 100mph. --- It's Never too Late to Study: http://www.FreeScienceLectures.com --- Notice: This video is copyright by its respectful owners. The website address on the video does not mean anything. --- less

This was the famous 15-kiloton 'Grable' test of 1953, the only firing of the 280mm atomic cannon

INDIAN GOVERNMENT OWNED BHABHA ATOMIC ENERGY HAS DEVELOPED AN ADVANCED... more

INDIAN GOVERNMENT OWNED BHABHA ATOMIC ENERGY HAS DEVELOPED AN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LOW -COST, NON ELECTRICAL WATER FILTER FOR HOMES AS WELL AS REMOTE UNDEVELOPED AREAS,THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES WHERE PEOPLE ARE FORCED TO DRINK UNSAFE WATER BECAUSE OF NON AVAILABILITY OF FILTRATION & ELECTRICITY. (in ENGLISH AND HINDI) less

This explosion is so huge it looks like an atomic bomb.

A bunch of Atomic clips put together.

An amazing look inside the atomic bomb as it hits Hiroshima.

The nuclear fusion is realized by photo-electric-magneto-thermal effect. The... more

The nuclear fusion is realized by photo-electric-magneto-thermal effect. The electronic cover is being removed by the “COMPTON� effect and the photons operate directly over the atomic nucleus. The electrical field accelerates the particles but their trajectory will be curved by a magnetic field except for neutrons which don’t have any electrical charge, but only magnetic moments. This iswhy the neutrons move straight ahead, parallel to the axis of the chamber. The electrons and the protons will move in spiral, but in opposite directions, as their electrical charges are opposed. The diameter of the spiral differs because of the difference of the masses. The bigger being the energy of the particle, the bigger being the diameter. The absorption of one atom of nitrogen and one of oxygen - predominant particles in the terrestrial atmosphere - takes place in the accelerating chamber. In the first stage, the electrons orbiting the two atoms are being bombed simultaneously by the photon fascicle and, as a result of this interaction, they are pulled out from their orbits and moved along spiral trajectories having the same direction that the electromagnetic fields has, and located on a peripheral orbit in the accelerating chamber. The loose electrons will appear inside the chamber providing the weak nuclear force. In the second stage, the atoms are ionized, generating in this way the powerful nuclear force. It consists in loose cuclei unwrapped from their electronic cover. The photons interact with the protons, pulling them out from their position. These protons will move in their turn on spiral trajectories in the same direction as that of the electromagnetic field, but opposite to the movement of the electrons. The loose protons will appear inside the accelerating chamber. In the third, the neutrons are bombed in their turn by the photon fascicle being spread in this way. They will move in the direction of the electromagnetic field. The existence of these loose neutrons marks the end of the process meant to create plasma wich, it’s well known, is being characterized as a mixture of loose charges. In the fourth stage, following the above mentioned process and by the directing the particles inside the accelerating chamber, the phosphorus is formed: an atomic structure composed of 15 electrons, 15 protons and 15 neutrons. An energy of 235 MeV is produces at the same time. Along with it we could obtain the union of the weak and strong nuclear force with the electromagnetic force. less